Demonstrations

Physics demonstrations for all.

01 September

Newton’s Nightmare

Seng Kwang Tan 18 Electromagnetic Induction, Demonstrations, IP4 16 Electromagnetic Induction 0 Comments

This demonstration is called Newton’s nightmare because it involves the slow dropping of a magnet that seems to be inconsitent with gravitational acceleration.

Using the “CFILE” structure, we can explain how the magnet moves much slower in a metal pipe than when it is undergoing free fall (as in the PVC pipe, which serves as a control).

Now, the metal that we use cannot be ferromagnetic, or the magnet will not even drop at all. It will simply be attracted to the pipe and stick to it.

However, if another metal such as copper or aluminum is used, as the magnet moves through the pipe, different sections of the pipe will experience either a change (either decreasing or increasing) in magnetic flux. Sections of the pipe that the magnet has just gone through suffers a decreasing flux while those that the magnet are approaching gains magnetic flux.

By Faraday’s law, which states that an induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage, emf and hence, current is induced within the pipes. These induced currents are called eddy currents.

By Lenz’s law, the induced currents tend to flow in a way so as to oppose the change causing it. The current in the sections of the pipe that the magnet is leaving will trying to attract the magnet while those that the magnet is approaching will try to repel the magnet.

The effect is that the magnet experiences a retarding magnetic force that acts against gravitational force, hence decreasing its downward acceleration.

01 September

Diamagnetism

Seng Kwang Tan 16 Electromagnetism, Demonstrations, IP4 14 Magnetism 0 Comments

I didn’t want to spend money on buying a piece of pyrolytic graphite and large neodymium magnets so I made do with what I have to make the following video. While diamagnetism is not in the A-level physics syllabus, it’s good for students to know that there are other classifications of magnetic materials.

What we study in our syllabus is ferromagnetism, which is exhibited by materials such as iron, cobalt and nickel. Some pencil leads are paramagnetic (weakly attracted to magnets) while others such as the one in the video are diamagnetic (repelled by magnets).

I bought my neodymium magnets from DX.com and the shipping to Singapore takes about 3 weeks, so you might want to factor that time in if you want to get some for your lessons. These magnets are great for other demonstrations such as homopolar motors and Newton’s nightmare.

01 June

Boyle’s Law

Seng Kwang Tan 08 Temperature and Ideal Gases, Demonstrations

Using a hand-operated vacuum pump, we can demonstrate the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas. According to Boyle’s law, the pressure of a gas of constant mass and temperature will be inversely proportional to its volume.

In our demonstration, we will reduce the ambient pressure within the sealed container, hence allowing the higher internal pressure of a balloon to cause it to expand. When the volume within the balloon increases, the internal pressure can be observed to decrease until it is in equilibrium with the surrounding pressure.

While the relationship between pressure and volume is not exactly obeying Boyle’s law due to additional factors such as the tension due to the elastic property of the balloon, it does demonstrate an inverse relationship.

19 May

Polarization with 3 Filters

Seng Kwang Tan 11 Wave Motion, Demonstrations 0 Comments

In what seems like a counter-intuitive demonstration, we can place a polarizing filter in between two other filters which do not transmit light in order to cause light to pass through again.

This is because each filter will permit the components of electric field vectors of the electromagnetic waves that are parallel to its axis of polarization according to the equation $$A = A_o \cos{\theta}$$ where $A_o$ is the original amplitude of the unpolarized wave incident on the filter and $\theta$ is the angle between the electric field vector and the axis of polarization. Each time the wave passes through a filter, it undergoes a reduction in amplitude according to the equation so that by the third filter, its resultant amplitude is
$$A = A_o \cos{\theta_1} \cos{\theta_2}$$
where $\theta_i$ is the angle between the axis of polarization of the ith filter and the electric field vector direction of the incident light on the ith filter.

According to Malus’ law, the intensity of the light that passes through these two filters is given by

$$I=I_o\cos^2\theta$$

where I0 is the initial intensity and θ is the angle between the light’s initial polarization direction and the axis of the polarizer.

The resulting intensity for light that passes through 3 filters is given by

$$I=I_o \cos^2{\theta_1}\cos^2{\theta_2}$$

where $\theta_1$ is the angle between the axes of the first and second filters and $theta_2$ is the angle between the axes of the second and third filters.